Spokesperson Andreas Angelides said the man surrendered to parliamentary guards after he fired the army-issue G3 rifle today afternoon.
Police say the suspect told them he wanted to protest the country's economic hardship.
Angelides says the 33-year-old man faces charges of unlawfully discharging and transporting a weapon and illegal possession of explosives.
Cyprus avoided bankruptcy in March when it agreed with euro area countries and the International Monetary Fund on a financial rescue that crushed its banking sector. The country's economy is projected to shrink 7.7 per cent of GDP this year, while unemployment is forecast to exceed 19 per cent in 2014.