IS has in recent months claimed responsibility for deadly attacks in Brussels and Paris, but has lost ground in Syria and Iraq.
Days after Syrian troops backed by Russian forces recaptured Palmyra and its ancient ruins, the army "uncovered a mass grave of officers, soldiers, members of the popular committees (pro-regime militia) and their relatives," a military source told AFP today.
Twenty-four of the victims were civilians, including three children, he said, asking not to be named.
The bodies, which were found yesterday, have been transferred to a military hospital in the provincial capital Homs and some have been identified.
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In a major symbolic and strategic coup for President Bashar al-Assad, the Syrian army on Sunday recaptured Palmyra and its UNESCO World Heritage Site, which IS had overrun in May 2015.
During their nearly 10-month occupation of Palmyra, the jihadists executed at least 280 people, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a Britain-based monitor which confirmed the discovery of the mass grave.
Soon after IS stormed Palmyra, it shot dead 25 soldiers in the ancient Roman theatre.
Syria's five-year war has left at least 270,000 people dead. Few mass graves have been found, however.
Nearly a week on, few of Palmyra's up to 70,000 residents have returned.
"People fear reprisal by the regime, and also the mines planted all over the city by IS," Observatory director Rami Abdel Rahman told AFP.
"In addition, many houses were flattened by Russian air strikes before Palmyra was reclaimed," he added.