The bullet train, which has a capacity to accommodate 750 people, is expected to reduce travel time between the two cities from seven to three hours.
A sum of around Rs 1.10 lakh crore will be spent on the project that is being partially funded by Japan.
The target for its completion is December 2023, though officials say there are indications that the government may seek an earlier deadline of 2022.
The entire line will be at an elevation of around 20 m which will reduce land acquisition.
After the laying of the foundation stone, an investment summit will also be held between the Indian side and a Japanese delegation comprising representatives from Japan External Trade Organisation (JETRO) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).