The foreign ministry declared the five personae non grata, giving the relevant note to the Russian ambassador to Moldova Farit Mukhametshin on Monday afternoon, a foreign ministry aide, Artur Sarbu, told AFP, without explaining why they were being expelled.
Mukhametshin confirmed that he received the note, but declined to comment further.
The move comes amid tensions between the country's pro- Russian president and his West-leaning government, and follows allegations that a Moldovan diplomat passed state secrets to an attache of the Russian embassy.
"The government has taken an outrageous act toward the Russian Embassy," he wrote on Facebook. "I am deeply outraged of this unfriendly step by the representatives of the Moldovan diplomatic corps and I categorically condemn it."
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"This was done most likely on orders from the West," he added. "This crude step will not be left without negative consequences."
The five names have not been public however the news follows accusations in March that an aide to the military attache of the Russian embassy, Alexander Grudin, received secret information from former Moldovan lawmaker Yury Bolbochan.
Moldova, a small country wedged between Ukraine and Romania has an East-West cultural, linguistic and political split, with Dodon, elected in November, calling for closer relations with Moscow.
Dodon this year declared that he would be keen to cancel Moldova's EU association agreement and re-establish a relationship with Moscow, a move condemned by the country's pro-Western politicians.