Congress workers led by state party president Arun Yadav and Leader of Opposition Satyadev Katare staged the protest at Jawahar Bhawan demanding that Chouhan should step down, alleging involvement of the "high and mighty" in the scam.
Terming it as a major scam, Congress workers demanded CBI probe into the MPPEB scam, which is being probed by state police's Special Task Force (STF).
The Congress workers, who also staged a road blockade near the Roshanpura Square, were taken into custody following a minor scuffle between them and the police. The workers also staged a sit-in protest at the premises of Central Jail after they were released by police.
On Sunday night, Former Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia had said that Chouhan should quit on moral grounds.
Earlier this month, over 100 students who allegedly cleared the Pre-Medical Test (PMT) through unfair means were arrested by the Special Task Force from different districts of Madhya Pradesh in connection with the scam.
The PMT was conducted by MPPEB whose top officials were already arrested by STF since the scam surfaced in 2013.