Music training may help treat autism, ADHD in kids: study

Taking music lessons increases brain connections in children and may be useful in treating autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a new study has found.
The researchers studied 23 healthy children between the ages of five and six years old.
All of the children were right handed and had no history of sensory, perception or neurological disorders.
None of the children had been trained in any artistic discipline in the past.
"It's been known that musical instruction benefits children with these disorders, but this study has given us a better understanding of exactly how the brain changes and where these new fibre connections are occurring," said Pilar Dies-Suarez, chief radiologist at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez.

The children underwent pre- and post-musical-training evaluation with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the brain.

DTI is an advanced MRI technique, which identifies microstructural changes in the brain's white matter.
"Experiencing music at an early age can contribute to better brain development, optimizing the creation and establishment of neural networks, and stimulating the existing brain tracts," Dies-Suarez said.
The brain's white matter is composed of millions of nerve fibers called axons that act like communication cables connecting various regions of the brain.
Diffusion tensor imaging produces a measurement, called fractional anisotropy (FA), of the movement of extracellular water molecules along axons.

In healthy white matter, the direction of extracellular water molecules is fairly uniform and measures high in fractional anisotropy. When water movement is more random, FA values decrease, suggesting abnormalities.
Over the course of life, the maturation of brain tracts and connections between motor, auditory and other areas allow the development of numerous cognitive abilities, including musical skills.
Previous studies have linked autism spectrum and ADHD with decreases in volume, fiber connections and FA in the minor and lower forceps, tracts located in the frontal cortex of the brain.
This suggests that low connectivity in the frontal cortex, an area of the brain involved in complex cognitive processes, is a biomarker of these disorders.

After the children completed nine months of musical instruction, DTI results showed an increase in FA and axon fibre length in different areas of the brain, most notably in the minor forceps.
"When a child receives musical instruction, their brains are asked to complete certain tasks," Dies-Suarez said.
"These tasks involve hearing, motor, cognition, emotion and social skills, which seem to activate these different brain areas," he said.
"These results may have occurred because of the need to create more connections between the two hemispheres of the brain," he added.