The incident occurred in Hadgaon area of Nanded in Marathwada region this afternoon when protesters were blocking a road, a police official said.
As police chased the demonstrators, the teenager, identified as Yogesh Jadhav, also ran along with others.
"He, however, lost his balance and fell on road. He suffered serious injuries to his forehead and other parts of the body as he was trampled upon by fleeing protesters," the official said.
"Jadhav was admitted in government hospital in Hadgaon, where he succumbed to his injuries," Hadgaon police station senior inspector Keshav Latpate told PTI.
Jadhav's postmortem is not yet performed and his family members are yet to claim his body, Latpate said.