Neuron transmission observed live for first time

For the first time, researchers have successfully recorded synaptic transmission between neurons in a live animal by using a cutting-edge method to stimulate neurons with light.
Neurons, the cells of the nervous system, communicate by transmitting chemical signals to each other through junctions called synapses.
This "synaptic transmission" is critical for the brain and the spinal cord to quickly process the huge amount of incoming stimuli and generate outgoing signals.
However, studying synaptic transmission in living animals is very difficult, and researchers have to use artificial conditions that don't capture the real-life environment of neurons.
Now, scientists at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) have observed and measured synaptic transmission in a live animal for the first time, using a new approach that combines genetics with the physics of light.

Aurelie Pala and Carl Petersen at EPFL's Brain Mind Institute used a novel technique, "optogenetics".

This method uses light to precisely control the activity of specific neurons in living, even moving, animals in real time.
Such precision is critical in being able to study the hundreds of different neuron types, and understand higher brain functions such as thought, behaviour, language, memory - or even mental disorders.
Optogenetics works by inserting the gene of a light-sensitive protein into live neurons, from a single cell to an entire family of them.
The genetically modified neurons then produce the light-sensitive protein, which sits on their outside, the membrane. There, it acts as an electrical channel - something like a gate.

When light is shone on the neuron, the channel opens up and allows electrical ions to flow into the cell; a bit like a battery being charged by a solar cell.
The addition of electrical ions changes the voltage balance of the neuron, and if the optogenetic stimulus is sufficiently strong it generates an explosive electrical signal in the neuron. And that is the impact of optogenetics: controlling neuronal activity by switching a light on and off.
Pala used optogenetics to stimulate single neurons of anaesthetised mice and see if this approach could be used to record synaptic transmissions.
The neurons she targeted were located in a part of the mouse's brain called the barrel cortex, which processes sensory information from the mouse's whiskers.

When Pala shone blue light on the neurons that contained the light-sensitive protein, the neurons activated and fired signals.
At the same time, she measured electrical signals in neighbouring neurons using microelectrodes that can record small voltage changes across a neuron's membrane.
The research was published in the journal Neuron.