New bone grown from monkey's skin cells

For the first time, scientists have successfully grown a new bone using a monkey's own skin cells, in a step towards the development of safe stem cell therapies for humans.
Researchers have shown for the first time in an animal that is more closely related to humans that it is possible to make new bone from stem-cell-like induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) made from an individual animal's own skin cells.
The study in monkeys also shows that there is some risk that those iPSCs could seed tumours, but that outcome appears to be less likely than studies in immune-compromised mice would suggest.

"We have been able to design an animal model for testing of pluripotent stem cell therapies using the rhesus macaque, a small monkey that is readily available and has been validated as being closely related physiologically to humans," said Cynthia Dunbar of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in US.
"We have used this model to demonstrate that tumour formation of a type called a 'teratoma' from undifferentiated autologous iPSCs does occur; however, tumour formation is very slow and requires large numbers of iPSCs given under very hospitable conditions. We have also shown that new bone can be produced from autologous iPSCs, as a model for their possible clinical application," said Cynthia.

Autologous refers to the fact that the iPSCs capable of producing any tissue type - in this case bone - were derived from the very individual that later received them.

That means that use of these cells in tissue repair would not require long-term or possibly toxic immune suppression drugs to prevent rejection.
Researchers first used a standard recipe to reprogramme skin cells taken from rhesus macaques. They then coaxed those cells to form first pluripotent stem cells and then cells that have the potential to act more specifically as bone progenitors.
Those progenitor cells were then seeded onto ceramic scaffolds that are already in use by reconstructive surgeons attempting to fill in or rebuild bone. And, it worked; the monkeys grew new bone, researchers said.

Importantly, the researchers report that no teratoma structures developed in monkeys that had received the bone "stem cells."
In other experiments, undifferentiated iPSCs did form teratomas in a dose-dependent manner.
The researchers say that therapies based on this approach could be particularly beneficial for people with large congenital bone defects or other traumatic injuries.
Although bone replacement is an unlikely "first in human" use for stem cell therapies given that the condition it treats is not life threatening, the findings in a primate are an essential step on the path towards regenerative clinical medicine.
The study was published in the journal Cell Reports.