New fabric may lead to 'active clothing,' wearable robots

Researchers are developing a robotic fabric that moves and contracts and is embedded with sensors, an approach that may lead to "active clothing" and a new class of "soft" robots.
Such an elastic technology could make possible robots that have sensory skin, stretchable robotic garments that people might wear for added strength and endurance, "g-suits" for pilots or astronauts to counteract the effects of acceleration, and lightweight, versatile robots to roam alien landscapes during space missions, researchers said.
The robotic fabric is a cotton material containing sensors made of a flexible polymer and threadlike strands of a shape-memory alloy that return to a coiled shape when heated, causing the fabric to move.

"We have integrated both actuation and sensing, whereas most robotic fabrics currently in development feature only sensing or other electronic components that utilise conductive thread," said Rebecca Kramer, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Purdue University.
"We also use standard sewing techniques to introduce the thread-like actuators and sensors into the fabric, so they could conceivably be integrated into the existing textile manufacturing infrastructure," she said.
The robotic fabric can be wrapped around a block of foam or an inflated balloon. Orienting the fabric in one direction causes the robot to bend, producing locomotion like an inchworm's.

Orienting the fabric in a different direction causes it to compress - producing a peristaltic - or slithering locomotion.

Kramer's work is related to research she is leading through a NASA Early Career Faculty award, announced in July, focusing on "active elastic skins for soft robotics."
The skin will contain a shape-memory alloy for muscle-like movement as well as numerous sensors to provide feedback and environmental information.
The goal is to make possible a class of soft robots where all the functional elements are embedded in a stretchable skin.
This skin will include flexible electronics that are less sensitive to vibration than conventional hardware, making them rugged enough for space missions.
Like the robotic fabric, the skin might be wrapped around a deformable object, creating robots capable of exploring alien terrains.

"We will be able to design robots on the fly. Anything can be a robot because all of the robotic technology is in the fabric or skin," Kramer said.