New robotic hand with camera can map surroundings in 3D

Scientists, including one of Indian-origin, have developed a robotic hand attached with a camera that can rapidly create a 3D model of its environment and track its own position in real time, enabling it to pick up delicate objects in unknown surroundings.
Researchers from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in US found they could improve the accuracy of the map by incorporating the arm itself as a sensor, using the angle of its joints to better determine the pose of the camera.
This would be important for a number of applications, including inspection tasks, said Matthew Klingensmith, a PhD student at CMU.

Placing a camera or other sensor in the hand of a robot has become feasible as sensors have grown smaller and more power-efficient, said Siddhartha Srinivasa, associate professor at CMU.
That is important because robots usually have heads that consist of a stick with a camera on it, Srinivasa said. They can not bend over like a person could to get a better view of a work space.
However, an eye in the hand is not much good if the robot can not see its hand and does not know where its hand is relative to objects in its environment.

It is a problem shared with mobile robots that must operate in an unknown environment.

A popular solution for mobile robots is called simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) in which the robot pieces together input from sensors such as cameras, laser radars and wheel odometry to create a 3D map of the new environment and to figure out where the robot is within that 3D world.
"There are several algorithms available to build these detailed worlds, but they require accurate sensors and a ridiculous amount of computation," Srinivasa said.
Those algorithms often assume that little is known about the pose of the sensors, as might be the case if the camera was handheld, Klingensmith said.

However, if the camera is mounted on a robot arm the geometry of the arm will constrain how it can move, he said.
"Automatically tracking the joint angles enables the system to produce a high-quality map even if the camera is moving very fast or if some of the sensor data is missing or misleading," Klingensmith said.
The researchers demonstrated their Articulated Robot Motion for SLAM (ARM-SLAM) using a small depth camera attached to a lightweight manipulator arm, the Kinova Mico.
In using it to build a 3D model of a bookshelf, they found that it produced reconstructions equivalent or better to other mapping techniques.

"We still have much to do to improve this approach, but we believe it has huge potential for robot manipulation," Srinivasa said.