Kumar said he discussed financial issues related to Bihar, particularly in the context of implementation of the 14th Finance Commission recommendations which he said will cause a loss of Rs 50,000 crore to the state.
The PMO said it was a "courtesy call".
Kumar and Modi have not been sharing a good relationship, even when their parties were in alliance. Kumar had refused to share dais with Modi.
After the Lok Sabha elections of 2014, while Modi became the Prime Minister, Kumar quit as Chief Ministership owning responsibility for the party's crushing defeat in those elections in Bihar as the BJP-led NDA virtually decimated it bagging 31 of 40 Lok Sabha seats in the state.
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Kumar had then propped up party colleague Jitan Ram Manjhi as Chief Minister but soon the relations between the two soured.
Manjhi finally relented and Kumar was back in the saddle.
Emerging from the meeting today, Kumar said he raised the issue of implementation of the Finance Commission recommendations which he contended will lead to an "estimated Rs 50,000 crore loss" to the state.
He said the Centre's share in Centrally-sponsored schemes has been decreased.
"Altogether, it has been a loss to Bihar. That is why I have requested that Bihar should be compensated for this," Kumar told reporters.