Obama was welcomed by an honour guard as Air Force One landed in the eastern city of Hangzhou, which is hosting the G20 summit of global economic powers.
But there was also tension on the tarmac, with angry words exchanged when a Chinese official remonstrated with National Security Advisor Susan Rice about where she could stand.
Hangzhou is under ultra-tight security, with a quarter of its residents encouraged to leave and potential troublemakers detained as the ruling Communist Party takes every measure to prevent any possible wrinkles.
The meeting is expected to focus on the fight against global warming, after China today ratified the Paris climate accord and with the US tipped to follow suit, taking the pact a giant step forward.
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Tackling climate change has become a bright spot in often difficult relations between the two powers.
But Xi and Obama will also discuss tensions in the South China Sea, where Beijing's territorial claims, and its construction of artificial islands in disputed waters, have set the region on edge.
Syria will shift into focus when Obama meets his Turkish counterpart Recep Tayyip Erdogan on the sidelines of the summit.
Relations between Washington and Ankara have soured following an attempted coup against Erdogan and Kurdish advances along Turkey's southern border.