"Starting today, we're giving notice to those who pose significant threats to our security or economy by damaging our critical infrastructure, disrupting or hijacking our computer networks, or stealing the trade secrets of American companies or the personal information of American citizens for profit," Obama said in a blog post released by the White House.
He added that cyber threats "pose one of the most serious economic and national security challenges to the United States," and that the sanctions will take aim both at hackers and "against companies that knowingly use stolen trade secrets to undermine our nation's economic health."
The announcement of the new sanctions program comes amid an epidemic of incidents reported in recent months, including a devastating cyber attack against Sony Pictures, and data breaches that stole credit card or health data on tens of millions of Americans.
Under the order, the US Treasury would be able to freeze or block assets of those involved in attacks on "critical" US computer networks, such as banking systems or electic power, or the theft of data such as credit card information, and of companies that profit from such attacks.
"The North Korean cyber attack on Sony Pictures destroyed data and disabled thousands of computers. In other recent breaches that have made headlines, more than 100 million Americans had their personal data compromised, including credit card and medical information.