Obama wants Pena Nieto to join him in pressuring Cuba to make democratic reforms now that the White House is moving to re-establish diplomatic and commercial ties.
The US-Cuba estrangement had been a point of friction with Latin American countries, including Mexico, which had normal ties with the communist island nation.
Pena Nieto also has committed to help spread the word on how some immigrants can qualify for Obama's plan to defer some 4 million deportations for immigrants in the US illegally.
That includes soldiers killing 22 civilians in a questionable "shootout" and revelations that Pena Nieto and his treasury secretary live in luxury homes built and financed by a favorite government contractor.
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Perhaps most notably, tens of thousands of protesters have taken to the streets to protest the Sept. 26 abduction and presumed killing of 43 college students, allegedly at the hands of local officials and police in league with a drug cartel.
Dozens of demonstrators protested outside the White House during the presidents' meeting, holding posters about the abducted students.
"We are very upset. We want Peña Nieto to quit and to tell us where are the 43 students. Why so much silence?" asked Ivan Almonte, a 36-year-old Mexican who has been living in the United States for 16 years.