Obama's initiative marked his latest attempt to animate his second term, even though hopes of big political change are already dimming as Washington fixates on November's congressional elections.
The plan would replace a current transportation funding bill which expires in September.
It prioritises infrastructure improvements, a goal Obama has pushed for years but with limited success amid scepticism among Republicans in Congress.
The president travelled to the midwestern state of Minnesota and a renovated train depot in the city of St Paul which has been closed for decades but was restored and will now serve as a hub for buses, light rail and trains.
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"One of the fastest and best ways to create new jobs is by rebuilding America's infrastructure," Obama said yesterday.
"We have got a lot of work to do out there and we have got to put our folks to work," Obama said, warning that America's economic rivals were seeking to outcompete his country by rebuilding their own infrastructure.
The president proposed partly funding the plan with a USD 150 billion dollar windfall from revamped business taxes in a massive overhaul of the US tax code.
His Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx warned that Congress must start working with the administration on a new bill, or risk pushing the United States over a "transportation cliff" if funding expires later this year.
Obama's plan would replenish the Highway Trust Fund, which is used to repair and maintain roads and is financed by federal diesel and gasoline taxes.
It would send money to other road repair projects and invest in light rail and other systems in growing American cities in a bid to ease traffic congestion and cut commute times.
In a sign of his determination to use his executive power at a time when rival lawmakers are blocking most of his agenda, Obama also announced USD 600 million to fund new grants to fund projects on road, rail and port projects.