More than half of Europe's endemic tree species, including the horse-chestnut, risk extinction, conservationists warned Friday, blaming invasive species, unsustainable logging and urban development for their decline.
In an update to the tree section of its "Red List" of threatened species, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) said that out of the 454 tree species native to Europe, 42 per cent could disappear from the continent.
And a full 58 percent of the tree species endemic to Europe, meaning that they only exist on the continent, were now considered threatened with extinction.
Even more worrying, the update found that 15 percent of them, or 66 species, were considered "critically endangered", or just a step away from going extinct.
The report comes amid a growing sense of urgency to address global environmental degradation, with fires raging in the Amazon and following UN warnings in May that climate change, habitat loss and other factors are pushing one million plant and animal species to the brink of extinction.
The IUCN described the development for Europe's tree species as "alarming", saying pests and diseases were especially fuelling their decline as well as invasive plants introduced by humans.
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"Trees are essential for life on earth, and European trees in all their diversity are a source of food and shelter for countless animal species such as birds and squirrels, and play a key economic role," Craig Hilton-Taylor, who heads the IUCN Red List Unit, said in the statement.
IUCN said that the iconic horse-chestnut, or conker tree, had been assessed as vulnerable following significant declines across Europe.
This was mainly due to the leaf-miner moth -- an invasive species that originated in the Balkans but which has rapidly spread throughout the continent -- as well as logging, forest fires and tourism, it said.
While great attention is often paid to the decline of so-called charismatic species, like the African elephant or rhinos, IUCN stressed the need to heed developments in lesser-known species and include them in conservation planning.
The Red List's European edition evaluated the status of many lesser-known species for the first time.
It found that nearly half of all shrub species in Europe were threatened with extinction, as were a fifth of terrestrial mollusc species like snails, and bryophytes species, which are non-vascular plants that include moss.
IUCN said while such species are often overlooked, they are crucial to ecosystems that provide us with the food we eat and the air we breathe.
Terrestrial molluscs play a key role in soil regeneration, and are an important food source for birds, mammals and at least in France and Italy, humans.
"The impact of human-led activities is resulting in population declines and a heightened risk of extinction of important species across Europe," Luc Bas, who heads IUCN's Europe office, said in the statement.
The report, he said, shows "how dire the situation is for many overlooked, undervalued species that form the backbone of Europe's ecosystems and contribute to a healthy planet."