The court heard several petitions, including by Imran Khan of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, which accused Sharif and his family members of illegally transferring money abroad after the Panama Papers leaks showed his family of possessing properties in the UK.
In addition to Sharif, the court also issued notices his daughter Maryam, sons Hasan and Hussain, son-in-law Muhammad Safdar, Finance Minister Ishaq Dar, director general Federal Investigation Agency, chairman Federal Board of Revenue, and the attorney general.
Cricketer-turned-politician Khan, who is leading the alleged corruption case against Sharif, was present in the court.
Later taking to reporters, he said Sharif was behaving like a king but he would make him accountable before the law.
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Khan also hoped that the hearing of the case would be completed soon as "justice delayed is justice denied".
"We hope that the case's proceedings will reveal details of several issues that were concealed from the nation," said Khan, who has given a call to lockdown capital Islamabad on November 2 to force the Prime Minister to resign.
According to the Panama Papers, three of Sharif's four children - Maryam, Hasan and Hussain were owners of offshore companies and "were owners or had the right to authorise transactions for several companies."
Sharif and his family have dismissed the allegations of money laundering and denied any wrongdoing but the opposition is demanding an independent probe.