Guards fired warning shots after the woman was seen approaching a checkpoint near the city of Qalqilya with the weapon. She was shot after refusing to stop, the Israeli defence ministry said.
Two letters found in her bag indicated plans for a suicide attack, according to the ministry. Palestinian police identified her as Rasha Uweisseh, 23 and from Qalqilya.
The incident is the latest in a weeks-long wave of violence in Israel and the West Bank that has also spread to the Gaza Strip.
Netanyahu's meeting with Obama will centre on US defence aid to Israel following the July nuclear accord between major powers and Iran, but the violence between Israelis and Palestinians is also expected to be discussed.
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Israel also responded overnight to a rocket launched from Gaza, which is controlled by militant Palestinian organisation Hamas.
Last night, "a rocket was launched from the Gaza Strip at southern Israel. Sirens sounded throughout communities in the Shaar Hanegev regional council as the rocket hit an open area," an army statement said.
The raid saw two missiles fired at a training camp for the Ezzedine Al-Qassam Brigades, Hamas's armed branch, Palestinian security officials said. The camp was empty at the time and no casualties were reported.
The Israeli military added that 19 rockets launched from Gaza have hit Israeli territory since the start of the year.
Much of the recent rocket fire has been claimed by Salafist jihadists in Gaza, though there was no claim of responsibility for Sunday's incident.
Israel holds Hamas responsible for all rocket fire from Gaza and nearly always responds with a similar raid.