"It's a shameful and illegal act that goes totally against the wishes of church leaders in Jerusalem" and violates a non-binding UN General Assembly resolution condemning the US move, the ministry said in a statement.
"The state of Palestine considers this as a flagrant act of hostility against the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people and international law," it said.
"The state of Palestine will act with regional and international partners to oppose this illegal decision."
Guatemala was among only eight countries to join the United States on Thursday in voting against the resolution.
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Trump's announcement on December 6 sparked anger in the Palestinian territories and across the Muslim world.
Israel seized the eastern part of Jerusalem in the 1967 Six Day War and later annexed it in a move not recognised by the international community.
Israelis see the whole of the city as their undivided capital while the Palestinians view the east as the capital of their future state.