"We demand the definitive resignation of (CBF president) Marco Polo Del Nero and his directors, followed by free and democratic elections," read a statement following an initiative by Bom Senso FC ('Common Sense FC'), a collective of current and former players led by 1994 World Cup winner Rai.
Among the 130 signatories of the letter were the recently-retired goalkeeper Rogerio Ceni, the coach Tite and the prominent singer-songwriter Chico Buarque.
Del Nero, 74, asked to be placed on leave at the beginning of this month "in order to dedicate himself to preparing his defence" in the US case and a separate FIFA ethics inquiry.
The US corruption investigation has targeted Del Nero as well as his predecessors at the head of the CBF, Jose Maria Marin (2012 to 2015) and Ricardo Teixeira (1989 to 2012).
The CBF was due to meet on Wednesday to appoint a vice-president in place of Marin -- who was arrested by Swiss police in Zurich along with six other FIFA officials on May 27 and has since been extradited to the United States -- and Del Nero should he not return to his position.
"We believe in his innocence and will continue to do so," said CBF general secretary Walter Feldman.