The sales set a "world record for a postcard", the auction house in Bietigheim-Bissingen said in a statement.
The buyer, described as a "trans-Atlantic collector", clinched the deal by telephone following frenzied bidding in German, English, French and Russian, the statement said.
Bidding had begun at 100,000 euros.
With commissions, the card will cost the buyer more than 200,000 euros, it said.
The card from Pablo Picasso to his friend, French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, is dated September 5, 1918, and has an authenticated drawing that "can be considered part of the artist's cubist still life series," Gaertner said.
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The postcard never made it to Apollinaire however because Picasso had addressed it in Spanish, writing his friend's name as Don Guillermo Apollinaire.
It is marked with the French equivalent of "return to sender".
Gaertner said it had obtained the postcard from a Frenchman it described as a "figure in the business world".