The Prime Minister accompanied by his wife Gursharan Kaur was welcomed at the Andrews Air Force Base by acting deputy chief of protocol Rosemarie Pauli.
Singh is accompanied by National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon and Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh.
External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid would join Singh from New York later in the day.
The White House said Obama is "looking forward" to the meeting with Singh at the Oval Office tomorrow.
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Thereafter, Obama would host Singh for a lunch.
First Lady Michelle Obama would be hosting Kaur for a private tea at the White House.
Ahead of the visit, the White House praised the role of Singh in transforming the India-US relationship.
"From the US perspective, we have made a strategic bet on relationship with India and the strategic bet that would carry us forward in the next century," a senior administration official said.
The purpose of "short working visit" is both to reflect and appreciate the decade of this transformation and the commitments of the leaders in the government to the strategic partnership, the official said.
Singh is scheduled to leave Washington for New York immediately after his meeting with Obama.
In New York, Singh would address the UN General Assembly session on Saturday and is expected to meet his Pakistani counterpart Nawaz Sharif on September 29.
He is scheduled to return home on Monday.