The students at the Baiyunlu campus of Beijing No. 2 Experimental School in Xicheng District complained of the health issues after running on the track last month, state-run Xinhua news agency reported.
Beijing's education authority has launched a probe.
Tests on the track this week, nine months after it was put into use, showed excessive amounts of benzene substances and formaldehyde, the report said.
There will be a thorough investigation of facilities in several other schools, it said.
Also Read
Medical staff will be dispatched to the school to provide treatment and support for students.
Similar cases have occurred in Jiangsu, Guangdong and other provinces.
The Ministry of Education said it has clear requirements for installation of synthetic racetracks in schools.
However, the requirements have not been fully implemented in some areas.
Wang Dinghua, an official in charge of elementary education with the ministry said lax supervision is the major reason for such incidents.