The incident happened in the aboriginal community of Lac Simon in the west of the largely French-speaking province.
Two officers were responding to a call about a dispute at a home late Saturday, when one of them was fatally wounded by at least one shot fired in their direction, Sergeant Benoit Coutu of Quebec's provincial police told AFP.
The suspected shooter was later found dead in the home, after "in all likelihood turning the gun on himself," Coutu said.
The 17-year-old shooter went on a rampage at the local high school, killing two teachers. Two teenage brothers were also killed at their nearby home.