The survey by the Pew Research Centre comes ahead of a high-profile US state visit this month by China's President Xi Jinping.
Differences between the world powers have sharpened over hacking allegations and China's increasing assertiveness in making territorial claims in the South China Sea.
The poll finds that 54 per cent of Americans have an unfavorable view of China, and that negative views run much higher among Republicans than Democrats.
But overall, eight out of 10 Americans see serious problems with China on key economic, security and social issues.
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The poll was based on 1,003 telephone interviews in the US between April 13 and May 3. The margin of error was 3.6 percentage points.
The survey was conducted before the revelations in June that millions of US federal personnel records had been hacked.
US lawmakers have said the cyberattacks originated in China.
Contenders for the 2016 Republican presidential contest have already been talking tough on China, and the survey found that Republicans are significantly more concerned about threats from China than Democrats.
Some 77 per cent of Republicans regarded Chinese-held debt as a very serious problem, compared with 60 per cent of Democrats.
Sixty-five per cent of Republicans saw cyberattacks from China as a very serious problem, compared with 49 per cent of Democrats.