In a video message, Powell pledged to support continued economic growth and a healthy job market while remaining "vigilant" to any emerging economic risks.
Powell took the oath of office one day after his 65th birthday from Randal Quarles, the Fed's vice chairman for supervision, in a ceremony that was attended by Fed staff and Fed board member Lael Brainard.
Powell succeeds Janet Yellen, the first woman to lead the nation's central bank in its 100-year history. President Donald Trump picked Powell after deciding to break with recent tradition and not offer Yellen a second four-year term.
Powell, who has been on the Fed board since 2012, was tapped by Trump on Nov. 2 after a highly public search for a new Fed chair. His nomination was approved by the Senate earlier this month for a four-year term as chairman that will end in February 2022. Powell's current term as a Fed board member does not end until January 31, 2028.
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"Today, unemployment is low, the economy is growing and inflation is low," Powell said. "I am also pleased to report that our financial system is now far stronger and more resilient than it was before the financial crisis that began about a decade ago. We intend to keep it that way."
Powell said that he and his Fed colleagues would work to make sure that the Fed's regulations are "efficient as well effective."
Powell did not mention recent stock market turbulence. But in an interview broadcast Sunday by CBS, Yellen said she did not want to characterise current stock prices as an asset bubble that could burst with dangerous results, though she did see a "source of some concern that asset valuations are so high.