Scientists have developed printable metal tags that can be attached to everyday objects and turn them into "smart" Internet of Things devices.
The metal tags are made from patterns of copper foil printed onto thin, flexible, paper-like substrates and are made to reflect WiFi signals.
The tags work essentially like "mirrors" that reflect radio signals from a WiFi router. When a user's finger touches these mirrors, it disturbs the reflected WiFi signals in such a way that can be remotely sensed by a WiFi receiver, like a smartphone.
The tags can be tacked onto plain objects that people touch and interact with every day, like water bottles, walls or doors.
These plain objects then essentially become smart, connected devices that can signal a WiFi device whenever a user interacts with them.
The tags can also be fashioned into thin keypads or smart home control panels that can be used to remotely operate WiFi-connected speakers, smart lights and other Internet of Things appliances.
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"Our vision is to expand the Internet of Things to go beyond just connecting smartphones, smartwatches and other high-end devices," said Xinyu Zhang, a professor at University of California San Diego in the US.
"We're developing low-cost, battery-free, chipless, printable sensors that can include everyday objects as part of the Internet of Things," said Zhang.
These metal tags are designed to only reflect specific signals within in the WiFi frequency range.
By changing the type of material they're made of and the pattern in which they're printed, the researchers can redesign the tags to reflect either Bluetooth, LTE or cellular signals.
The technology called "LiveTag" requires no batteries, silicon chips, or any discrete electronic components, so they require hardly any maintenance, researchers said.
As a proof of concept, the researchers used LiveTag to create a paper-thin music player controller complete with a play/pause button, next track button and sliding bar for tuning volume.
The buttons and sliding bar each consist of at least one metal tag so touching any of them sends signals to a WiFi device.
The researchers have so far only tested the LiveTag music player controller to remotely trigger a WiFi receiver, but they envision that it would be able to remotely control WiFi-connected music players or speakers when attached to a wall, couch armrest, clothes, or other ordinary surface.
The researchers also adapted LiveTag as a hydration monitor. They attached it to a plastic water bottle and showed that it could be used to track a user's water intake by monitoring the water level in the bottle.
The water inside affects the tag's response in the same way a finger touch would -- as long as the bottle is not made of metal, which would block the signal.
LiveTag could potentially be used as an inexpensive way to assess the recovery of patients who have suffered from stroke, researchers said.
"When patients return home, they could use this technology to provide data on their motor activity based on how they interact with everyday objects at home -- whether they are opening or closing doors in a normal way, or if they are able to pick up bottles of water, for example," said Zhang.
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