The 34-year-old actress's short floral dress evoked harsh comments online.
"At least wear decent clothes in front of elders and when he is the PM of India, you should not forget the Indian culture," a social media user wrote.
Another added, "May be you are a big international star but please do show some respect in front of Modi ji. Look at the way you are sitting in front of him."
Priyanka captioned the image, "Legs for days... #itsthegenes with Madhu Chopra nights out in #Berlin #beingbaywatch."
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The "Quantico" star is in Germany to promote her Hollywood debut "Baywatch".
She met PM Modi in Berlin, while he was in Germany as part of a four-nation trip.
After her meeting with the PM, Priyanka wrote on Twitter, "Thank you for taking the time to meet me this morning @narendramodi Sir. Such a lovely coincidence to be in #berlin at the same time.