The two hour-long documentary, to be aired on the state-owned Rossiya-1 TV channel later today, is dedicated to Putin's 15 years in office. It focused on Putin's achievements as well as challenges to his rule which the producers and Putin blame on Western interference.
Putin was elected Russian president on March 26, 2000, after spending three months as acting president, and was sworn in on May 7, 2000.
He did not specify when the calls took place.
Following a disastrous war in the 1990s, Russia fought Islamic insurgents in Chechnya and neighbouring regions in the volatile North Caucasus.
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"They were actually helping them, even with transportation," Putin said.
Putin said he raised the issue with then-US President George W Bush, who promised Putin to "kick the ass" of the intelligence officers in question. But in the end, Putin said the Russian intelligence agency FSB received a letter from their "American counterparts" who asserted their right to "support all opposition forces in Russia," including the Islamic separatists in the Caucasus.
"My counterparts, a lot of presidents and prime minister told me later on that they had decided for themselves by then that Russia would cease to exist in its current form," he said, referring to the time period around the second conflict in the Caucasus. "The only question was when it happens and what consequences would be."
The latest poll by the independent Levada agency showed that the approval rating for Putin, whose third term in office ends in 2018, was a whopping 86 percent in April.