The US government imposed sanctions against a number of Kremlin insiders in 2014 after Russia's annexation of Crimea in Ukraine, but did not accuse Putin of direct involvement in corruption.
However, during a Panorama investigation into Putin's "secret riches", the acting under secretary for terrorism and financial intelligence at the US Treasury said Putin was a "picture of corruption."
"We've seen him enriching his friends, his close allies, and marginalising those who he doesn't view as friends using state assets," Adam Szubin, who oversees US Treasury sanctions, told the Panorama programme.
The US government has know about this for "many, many years", he added.
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The programme cited a secret CIA report from 2007 stating that Putin's wealth stood at around USD 40 billion.
"He supposedly draws a state salary of something like USD 110,000 a year," said Szubin. "That is not an accurate statement of the man's wealth, and he has long time training and practices in terms of how to mask his actual wealth."
Moscow also on Thursday dismissed as a "joke" a British inquiry's findings that Putin "probably approved" the killing of ex-spy Alexander Litvinenko a decade ago in London.