"We are categorically against the expansion of the club of nuclear powers," Putin told reporters after an international forum in Beijing.
"We consider (the missile test) counter-productive, harmful and dangerous," Putin said.
But, he added: "We must stop intimidating North Korea and find a peaceful solution to this problem."
North Korea celebrated Sunday's launch of what appeared to be its longest-range ballistic missile yet tested in a bid to bring the US mainland within reach, saying it was capable of carrying a "heavy nuclear warhead".
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That suggests a range of 4,500 kilometres or more if flown for maximum distance, analysts said.
The White House said yesterday that the missile came down "so close to Russian soil... The president (Donald Trump) cannot imagine that Russia is pleased".
But Russia's defence ministry later said the missile landed about 500 kilometres from its territory and posed no threat.