Afghan President Hamid Karzai denounced as a provocation the use of the formal name of the Islamist movement's government from 1996 until it was toppled in 2001.
"The office that was opened in Doha yesterday is the political office of the Taliban in Afghanistan, and is not the political office of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan," Qatar's foreign ministry said, quoted by QNA state news agency.
"The official name agreed to open this office was the political office of the Taliban in Doha."
Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid told AFP that the office was intended "to open dialogue between the Taliban and the world".
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Kabul lashed out today at the US efforts to broker a peace with the Taliban, suspending crucial talks with Washington and threatening to boycott prospective contacts with the group in Qatar.
Karzai's spokesman Aimal Faizi told AFP there was a "contradiction between what the US government says and what it does regarding Afghanistan peace talks".
"The opening of the Taliban office in Qatar, the way it was opened and messages it contained, contradicts the guarantees given by the US to Afghanistan," a statement from Kabul said.