The 25.59 carat ruby sold for USD 30.33 million, more than twice its estimated price, to an anonymous telephone bidder, Sotheby's auction house said.
The gem from Myanmar, part of a collection of Cartier jewels up for auction, had been expected to sell for between USD 12 million and USD 18 million.
It set a record for a ruby and was also a record for a Cartier jewel at auction, Sotheby's said.
The stone, known as "The Historic Pink", is believed to have been part of the collection of Princess Mathilde, niece of French Emperor Napoleon I.
The exquisite 8.72 carat stone only recently resurfaced, having been kept in a bank vault since the 1940s.
While origins of the stone remain unclear, it may have been found in the famous Golconda mines near Hyderabad, according to David Bennett, head of Sotheby's international jewellery division.