The 21-year-old woman was flown 4,500 kilometres from Nauru to the Australian city of Brisbane today after setting herself on fire yesterday, the Nauru and Australia governments said.
A 23-year-old man died in the same Royal Brisbane Hospital on Friday after setting himself alight two days earlier in an apparent protest over Australia's strict asylum seeker policies.
His actions were a protest intended to coincide with a visit to the island by representatives of the UN refugee agency, Nauru's government said.
Refugee Action Coalition spokesman Ian Rintoul said that in November the woman had suffered serious head injuries on Nauru and had been flown to Brisbane for treatment.
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She was among three refugees who were taken from a Brisbane immigration detention centre where she was recuperating on Wednesday last week and flown back to Nauru, Rintoul said.
"She was on 24-hour mental health watch because of a number of attempts at suicide inside the Brisbane Immigration Transit Accommodation," Rintoul said. "It raises particular questions about the duty of care."
The divisive policy has faced fresh criticism in the wake of the man's death and a court decision last week that dubbed Australia's detention of asylum seekers on Papua New Guinea's Manus Island as unconstitutional.
Papua New Guinea's Prime Minister Peter O'Neill said he would close the Manus centre after the island nation's Supreme Court ruled that detaining asylum seekers and refugees there was a violation of their constitutional right to personal liberty.