The factory in Wuhan, a carmaking hub in the central province of Hubei, is a joint venture with Chinese manufacturer Dongfeng and will be able to produce 150,000 vehicles a year at full capacity.
China remains "a growth driver for the global auto industry", Renault CEO Carlos Ghosn said at the inauguration.
The factory was a "first big step" for the development of the Dongfeng-Renault joint venture and for the growth of Renault, he added.
At first the Wuhan factory will build Kadjars, Renault's latest crossover model, a key sector for Chinese consumers.
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"We see this niche exploding in China, and it's not going to stop," said Jacques Daniel, CEO of the joint venture. "We're arriving late, but with the right product."
But he acknowledged that the current situation in China is challenging. Sales grew at their slowest pace in three years in 2015, as a slowing economy and a stock market rout slammed into demand.
Also, the economy, the world's second largest, grew 6.9 per cent in 2015, its slowest pace in 25 years.
Car makers responded by slashing prices while some even cut production.
The market for high-priced luxury cars has been hit by a government crackdown on corruption and an austerity campaign, launched after President Xi Jinping took office three years ago.
The Chinese industry group forecasts sales will still gain around six percent to top 26 million units this year.