The attack on the international airport came a day after militants briefly occupied a building housing a transport ministry state-owned company and took hostages.
It comes amid a protracted surge in nationwide violence that has sparked fears that Iraq is slipping back into all-out conflict.
"Two missiles dropped on Baghdad airport at about 6:30 am (0330 GMT)," civil aviation authority chief Captain Nasser Bander told AFP.
"They did not cause any damage, and they did not affect any departures or arrivals of aircraft. Everything is going well at the airport."
But the rocket attack comes amid intensifying violence, with more than 900 people killed already this month according to an AFP tally, more than three times the figure for January 2013.