Rudd said that if re-elected on September 7, Labor would introduce a bill within 100 days, becoming the first Australian leader to promise to support marriage equality.
"Frankly, in 2013, I think the time has come to put this acrimonious debate behind us," the leader, who has previously been against gay marriage, told reporters today.
Rudd, who is trailing conservative opposition leader Tony Abbott in opinion polls, said it was a reform millions of Australians had waited a long time to see become law.
"It is a difficult discussion, and I won't force this on anyone. It will be a free vote for members of the Labor party.
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"But here is what I know: we are at our best when we give all Australians the same dignity, the same opportunity for happiness.
"I believe that no matter who we love, we all should be able to make that same promise I was able to make to Therese over 30 years ago. That all of us should be allowed to marry the one we love," he added, referring to his wife Therese Rein.
Although his ruling Labor party formally changed its position on the issue in December 2011 to a pro-gay marriage stance, Rudd and his predecessor Julia Gillard have both historically been against the reform.
A conscience vote last September was defeated 98 votes to 42 after Abbott refused to allow opposition MPs to break with party lines, rendering it a null prospect.
Both Gillard and Rudd voted no in the September ballot but Rudd, a Christian, has since changed his position.
He urged Abbott to allow politicians on his side to also be allowed a conscience vote so any legislation could be supported by parliamentarians from both major parties.
"I've got to say that as far as an incoming coalition government is concerned, the priority will be on things like reducing cost-of-living pressure and increasing job security," he said.
Same-sex unions are available in a majority of Australian states but because marriage comes under federal legislation these couples are not formally recognised as married by the government.
Labor has amended scores of national laws to remove discrimination against same-sex couples but have so far refused to allow them full marriage rights.