"There should be no doubt: each hostile attack will be met in an adequate manner," the Russian foreign ministry said, adding that nine Obama aides and senators would not be able to enter Russia.
Moscow's blacklist includes Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, House Speaker John Boehner and Robert Menendez, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, as well as senators John McCain, Mary Landrieu and Daniel Coats.
Also on the list are Obama aides Caroline Atkinson, Daniel Pfeiffer and Benjamin Rhodes.
"We have repeatedly warned that the use of sanctioning instruments is a two-way street and will hit the United States as a boomerang," the ministry said.
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"One may not like that decision but we are talking about a reality which needs to be taken into account," the foreign ministry said.
There was no immediate reaction to the new US measures and Russian President Vladimir Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov was not immediately available for comment.