The emergency Security Council meeting came as US Secretary of State John Kerry warned there was "a lot more work to do" for a ceasefire to take hold in Syria, following talks in Geneva between American and Russian officials.
The elusive truce was meant to begin yesterday, but failed to materialize as fighting raged in Syria with Kurdish-led forces backed by US-led air power seizing a key town from the Islamic State group.
Moscow presented a draft resolution that "strongly demands" an immediate end to cross-border shellings and plans -- supported by Turkey -- for foreign ground intervention in Syria.
But the text failed to garner support from key council members with at least six countries including veto-wielding France and the United States rejecting it outright during a closed-door meeting yesterday, diplomats said.
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US Ambassador Samantha Power accused Moscow of trying to "distract the world" from its air campaign in support of the Syrian regime and urged it to abide by UN resolutions supporting a peace process.
"We are facing a dangerous military escalation that could easily get out of control and lead us to uncharted territory," he said.
Turkey is pressing for a joint ground operation in Syria with its international allies, insisting it is the only way to stop the war.
Turkish Ambassador Yasar Halit Cevik said his country was facing "national security threats emanating from Syria" in reference to the Kurdish militias it is targeting in the country's north.
French President Francois Hollande said Ankara's escalating involvement in the conflict was creating a risk of war between Turkey and Russia.
"Turkey is involved in Syria... There, there is a risk of war," Hollande told France Inter radio.