Putin hailed increased bilateral trade -- worth some USD 3.6 billion last year, up 20 per cent year-on-year -- as the two countries work towards a free trade agreement.
They signed agreements on issues ranging from defence cooperation to joint oil exploration in Vietnam's offshore blocks, after Putin met Vietnam's President Truong Tan Sang.
"We will deepen our successful cooperation in the oil sector," Putin said after the meeting.
Rosneft and PetroVietnam have signed an agreement on joint oil exploration in Vietnam's offshore Block 15-1/05, he said, adding the Cold War-era allies also aimed to build links between their heavy industry, aviation and automobile sectors.
Also Read
Earlier this month Russia delivered the first of six diesel-electric Kilo Class submarines to Vietnam under a deal signed in 2009.
Vietnam is barred from purchasing lethal weapons from the United States due to concerns over its rights record.
In recent years Moscow has announced contracts worth billions of dollars to sell 20 Sukhoi fighter jets and the six submarines to Vietnam.
In 2010 Moscow and Hanoi signed a deal to construct the first nuclear power plant -- with two reactors -- in Vietnam. The project is expected to cost more than four billion euros (USD 5.1 billion).
The two nations also signed deals on issues from prisoner transfers to new joint ventures in the banking sector.
Vietnam's President Sang described the talks with Putin as "extremely successful".
Russia and Vietnam have a long history of cooperation. After the Vietnam War ended in 1975 the Soviet Union supplied its Communist ally with vital aid and arms, while they maintained close ties even after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
After his one-day visit to Hanoi, Putin will travel to South Korea for an official visit tomorrow.