"14 Russian athletes in three disciplines gave a positive result," the ROC said in a statement, a week after the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that 31 athletes from 12 countries had failed doping tests after new analysis of samples taken from the Beijing Games.
ROC said that the names of the athletes, according to the disciplinary rules, would not be made public until a second set of control samples had also been tested.
Among those listed was bronze medallist high jumper Anna Chicherova, who is likely to compete in this summer Rio Olympics if Russia takes part.
Chicherova did not answer a request for comment from AFP.
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Sports minister Vitaly Mutko told R-Sport news agency that the names of the athletes should not have been released because a second control sample still needs to be tested.
"It's a sensitive topic, why someone does this, I don't know," he said, while not denying the list was correct.
The Russian athletics federation said in a statement today that it would bar any athlete found to have used doping in previous years from competing at Rio.
"Any potential participant in the Olympic games caught using doping in previous years cannot be a member of Russia's national team at Rio," the federation said.
It said it had submitted this amendment to its selection criteria on May 20 "so that clean athletes can take part in the 2016 Olympic Games."
The ROC statement came as Russia is reeling from damning accusations by the former head of the Moscow anti-doping laboratory, Grigory Rodchenkov.