"The coordinates of all of these targets were given to us by opposition representatives," senior military official Andrei Kartapolov said, without specifying which groups Moscow had cooperated with.
Kartapolov said Moscow's jets hit targets close to Palmyra, Deir Ezzor, Ithriya and eastern Aleppo with assistance from the opposition, destroying "terrorist" command posts, munition stores and anti-aircraft artillery.
Moscow has been bombing in Syria since September 30, saying it is backing forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad against Islamic State jihadists and other "terrorist" groups.
Moscow said it had set up "working coordination groups" aimed at bolstering the fight against the IS, but said the identities of those involved were being kept secret.
"Such close cooperation will allow us to unite the efforts of the government troops with other patriotic forces in Syria that used to be in the opposition and act as a united front against the common enemy -- international terrorism," the defence ministry said in a statement.