Russia in 2000 signed the Rome Statute setting up the ICC, the world's first permanent war crimes court, but never ratified the treaty.
"The court did not live up to the hopes associated with it and did not become truly independent," Russia's foreign ministry said, describing its work as "one-sided and inefficient".
Moscow said it is unhappy with the ICC's treatment of the case on Russia's short war with neighbouring Georgia in 2008, saying the court ignored aggression by Tbilisi against civilians in South Ossetia - a pro-Moscow separatist region of Georgia.