The bill, unanimously passed today by the State Duma, is expected to see a similarly swift approval in the upper house and be signed by President Vladimir Putin to become law.
The document says that training for terrorist activities is punishable by up to 10 years in prison. It also introduces a punishment of up to six years for those participating in a militant group abroad.
The measure appears to be a response to Russian nationals fighting alongside rebels in Syria. Russian officials have voiced concern that they may launch attacks at home when they return.