"As of today, I am leaving this post", Hong told a press conference in Seoul.
"When we left for the World Cup, I said we would give hope to the people but we ended up giving them disappointment. I really feel sorry about that", he said.
Hong's decision to step down came just a week after he received a vote of confidence from the Korean Football Association (KFA) who said he should coach the national side through the 2015 Asian Cup tournament.
When the team returned home, angry fans unfurled a banner at the airport saying "Korean Soccer is Dead" while others pelted the players with toffees -- a particularly insulting gesture in South Korea.
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Hong had offered to step down immediately, but last week KFA vice president Huh Jung-Moo said the association had persuaded him to stay.
While acknowledging the frustration with a winless World Cup, Huh had argued that replacing Hong was "not the best solution".
Hong, 45, was a star defender and captain of the national squad during the 2002 World Cup when South Korea reached the semi-final.
He only took over as coach in June last year after the resignation of Choi Kang-Hee, and his team selection in Brazil became a subject of heated criticism, particularly his decision to stick with striker Park Chu-Young who failed to score.