Speaking at a debate on Catalonia at the University of Copenhagen, Puigdemont said: "We will not surrender to authoritarianism despite Madrid's threats."
"Soon we will form a new government... it's time to end their oppression and find a political solution for Catalonia," the 55-year-old politician added.
Puigdemont's comments came hours after the speaker of the Catalan parliament proposed him as president of Catalonia following an election in December in which separatist parties once again won an absolute majority.
Puigdemont defied Spanish prosecutors' attempt to re- issue a European arrest warrant if he left Belgium, where he has been in exile since a failed independence bid.
More From This Section
But Supreme Court Judge Pablo Llarena turned down the request, arguing Puigdemont had gone to Denmark "to provoke this arrest abroad" as part of a strategy to boost his arguments in favour of being allowed to be sworn in as president of Catalonia again.
Madrid sacked Puigdemont and his entire government, and it dissolved the parliament following the declaration.
Charged with rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds, Puigdemont now faces arrest if he returns to Spain over his role in the independence drive.
"Fundamental freedoms have been undermined, democratically elected politicians have been sent to prison and treated like terrorists," he told students in Copenhagen, describing the moves as acts of "revenge".