Sanders said he was "very moved" by the invitation to join the April 15 Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences meeting.
"I am a big, big fan of the pope. Obviously there are areas where we disagree, on women's rights or gay rights, but he has played an unbelievable role, an unbelievable role of injecting a moral consequence into the economy," Sanders said in an interview with MSNBC.
The leftist Vermont senator is a champion of the struggling working class, routinely railing against the influence of big banks and businesses.
The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences was established by Pope John Paul II in 1994 to promote the study and progress of economics, sociology, law and political science.
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Other conference attendees will include Ecuador's President Rafael Correa, Bolivian President Evo Morales and leading academics, the organizers said.
The conference announcement comes as Sanders and his opponent Hillary Clinton trade testy barbs ahead of the key New York primary on April 19.