The announcement on the sidelines of an investment summit in Riyadh comes nearly a month after the Virgin Group founder said he would invest in the kingdom's Red Sea project that aims to turn 50 Saudi islands into luxury tourism destinations.
"This investment will enable us to develop the next generation of satellite launches and accelerate our programme for point to point supersonic space travel," Branson said.
The billionaire added that Virgin Galactic was just "months away" from going into space with people on board and his other company Virgin Orbit placing satellites around the Earth.
The company's efforts faced a major setback when the first version of the SpaceShipTwo disintegrated over California's Mojave Desert in October 2014, with investigators blaming premature brake deployment during the test flight.
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Saudi Arabia's investment appears to be part of a collaboration with Branson, who praised the kingdom's economic and social reforms spearheaded by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.
"I am so excited about Saudi Arabia," Branson told the Future Investment Initiative in Riyadh.