The leaders of the world's largest energy exporters discussed an extension of an OPEC agreement to cap oil output and oversaw the signing of deals which officials said were worth billions of dollars.
Saudi Arabia signed preliminary agreements to buy Russia's S-400 air defence systems and anti-tank guided missile systems and receive "cutting edge technologies," said the Sunni state's military firm, Saudi Arabian Military Industries.
The two countries also signed a series of multi-billion dollar investment deals including one to create a USD 1 billion fund to pursue energy projects.
"I'm sure your visit will boost the ties between our countries," Putin added.
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"We aim to strengthen our relations in the interests of peace and security, in the interests of developing the world economy," the Saudi king responded.
Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir told journalists that "relations between Russia and Saudi Arabia have reached a historic moment."
"Today we alone as the Russian Direct Investment Fund announced deals worth USD 2.1 billion," said Kirill Dmitriyev, the head of the fund set up to attract investment.
Saudi Arabia is the country that buys the most US arms and Washington and Riyadh in May announced a USD 110 billion deal to sell weapons to Saudi Arabia.
But Saudi, a long-standing ally of Washington, is keen to boost ties with Moscow as a major player in the Syrian conflict and a fellow oil producer with shared interests in supporting energy prices.
"We are certain that further strengthening of relations will have a positive effect on strengthening stability and security in the world," his Saudi counterpart Jubeir stressed.